Conservative black intellectuals attacked the idea, and debates erupted on college campuses.
At a higher level, Christianity, as it became better known, was being increasingly exposed to intellectual attack.
Continual intellectual attacks by Soviet sympathisers, not to mention the assassination of Trotsky, had done nothing to ease his paranoia.
The defense of the faith has been required of Christians when they faced persecution, but "apologetics" have also been undertaken in the face of intellectual attacks.
Disputation became the hallmark of Christian intellectual attacks against Jews and Judaism, first as a literary genre and then in public debates such as the Talmud Trial of 1240 and the Barcelona Disputation of 1263.
The intellectual attack on the legacy of the Enlightenment has been going on for some time, but it should now be clear that specific policies put forward by the Trump Administration and many members of the Republican Party are a direct assault on everything that has prevented Cardwell's Law from overtaking us.
His reading of Islam takes an essentialist perspective of a primordial religion impervious to change, as if he were oblivious of the way that essentialist views of religion have long been under sustained intellectual attack.
It is easy to imagine a Calcutta intellectual being attacked for not writing in his native language, Bengali, and being married to a woman from the countryside whom he, so urbanised and deracinated, will come to misunderstand and almost foolishly desire.
The attacks on ACORN were supported by certain businesses, conservative activists, and intellectuals who attacked it for ideological reasons, calling the group "socialist," "left-wing," and "opponents of the free market".
