Developmental nicotine exposure (DNE) is associated with increased risk of cardiorespiratory, intellectual, and behavioral abnormalities in neonates, and is a risk factor for apnea of prematurity, altered arousal responses and Sudden Infant Death Syndrome.
Wolf-Hirschhorn syndrome (WHS) is a gene-deletion disorder characterised by growth complications, craniofacial abnormalities, intellectual disabilities and epileptic seizures.
Furthermore, PHAII patients display a number of other clinical features, such as an intellectual impairment, dental abnormalities and impaired growth in addition to hypertension (Gordon 1986).
Overt HE is characterized by various symptoms encompassing neuromuscular abnormalities, intellectual functions, personality and consciousness, traditionally graded on four stages according to West-Haven criteria [ 3].
Recently, a novel clinical syndrome was described for male patients with digital abnormalities, intellectual disability, and short stature in a multigeneration family [ 5].
Although these conditions do not fit the classic description of any specific psychiatric disorder, they often show nonspecific psychiatric symptoms that cross diagnostic boundaries, including intellectual disability, behavioral abnormalities, mood disorders, anxiety disorders, attention deficit, impulse control deficit, and psychosis.
Mutations in SPG11 and SPG15 generally result in a complex form of HSP, which is distinguished by prominent thinning of the corpus callosum, but also includes other neurological complications such as retinal abnormalities, intellectual disability, mild ataxia and parkinsonism (11, 17).
The cat cry, which typically diminishes with age, is accompanied, to varying degrees, by symptoms of intellectual disability, mild facial abnormalities, anomalies of dermal ridge patterns (fingerprints, palm prints, and footprints), heart malformations, a small head (microencephaly), an excessive space between the eyes (ocular hypertelorism), and a failure to thrive.
Fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) is associated with intellectual disability and neurodevelopmental abnormalities.
We report 26 individuals from ten unrelated families who exhibit variable expression and/or incomplete penetrance of epilepsy, learning difficulties, intellectual disabilities, and/or neurobehavioral abnormalities as a result of a heterozygous microdeletion distally adjacent to the Williams-Beuren syndrome region on chromosome 7q11.23.
