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Strict control of integument size on the whole organ level and cell-cell communication between the o.i.1 and the o.i.2 has to be postulated.
The result of mutations in SIN1/DCL1, on the other hand, show reduced integument size due to a lack of cell expansion [ 1, 10, 11].
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He developed several patents along those lines, but Integument's small size and lack of resources made it difficult to develop them further.
Deregulation of cell proliferation and cell elongation of integuments influences seed size [1], [21], [22].
Cells in the outer layer of the outer integument had the same size in wild type and KNAT1 over-expressing plants.
A compensatory mechanism was in place in the o.i.2 that resulted in the restriction of cell expansion and therefore in the development of an outer integument of relatively normal size and shape.
Cytochrome P450, which catalyzes electron transfer through the pathway from NADPH to flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD), then to flavin mononucleotide (FMN), and finally to heme groups containing redox partners [ 37, 38], is also reported to be involved in reproductive development and act as a maternal regulator of seed size by stimulating integument cell proliferation in Arabidopsis [ 39- 41].
These include orthologs of the Arabidopsis genes cytochrome P450, CYP78A9, and CYP78A10, which control floral organ size and ovule integument development; CRABS CLAW (CRC), involved in floral meristem determinacy; and ARABIDOPSIS SKP1-LIKE2 (ASK2), which plays a role in embryogenesis and postembryonic development (Bowman and Smyth 1999; Liu et al. 2004; Sotelo-Silveira et al. 2013).
Crosses to line KS149 were used to analyse cell sizes of both outer integument layers after ovule fertilization.
For Arabidopsis it has been shown that endosperm growth has a reciprocal effect on integument cell elongation to control final Arabidopsis seed size [ 37].
Extra cell division in the integuments surrounding mnt mutant ovules, resulting in the formation of enlarged seed coats, was proposed to be a major driving force for increased seed size and weight (i.e., integument-led seed growth; [63]).
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