In fact, it was an "integrity test" set up by their own force.
"He fired the person investigating a real threat to election integrity, and set up a probe of an imaginary threat," Waldman said, referring to the FBI's ongoing investigation into Russian meddling in last year's presidential election.
An investigation by a Concacaf integrity committee, set up by Jeff Webb, the president elected in 2012 after Warner stepped down, accused Warner of committing fraud against Concacaf and misappropriating Fifa funds, by representing the centre of excellence as Concacaf's when in fact it was built on land Warner owned and had bought for the purpose.
"He fired the person investigating a real threat to election integrity, and set up a probe of an imaginary threat". .
Most of these were the work of "conviction integrity units" set up by prosecutors to review questionable cases.
After Mr. Harris's act of integrity, Sarah Darling set up a donation fund, hoping to garner the $4,000 Mr. Harris could have gotten from a jeweler if he'd sold the ring.
Various models could be examined-Research Integrity Offices set up by universities; Ombudsman offices set up by governments.
One way would be to set up research integrity panels where researchers (especially junior ones) can anonymously report problems associated with misattributed research or superiors who force themselves onto papers.
Each national football association should set up independent integrity units, he says, with hotlines for players to report approaches and threats by match-fixers.Tougher policing has certainly worked in America.
Barry Hearn, who took over as World Snooker chairman two years ago and set up an integrity unit headed by former detective chief superintendent Nigel Mawer, has promised a "zero-tolerance" approach to cheating.
The current government took four years to set up an integrity commission and then spent the next five years delaying and undermining it, and just now they've amended that legislation to protect two individuals close to the government.
