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ThIn article originally appeared on VICE US.
The area enclosed by the hysteresis loop can be measured and often carries physical significance, for example the work, heat, or energy lost, which are respectively determined by integrating area under the pulmonary pressure-volume, force-length, or magnetization-magnetic field strength hysteresis loops [4], [5], [6].
In the 2D cross section considered, the total strain energy change can be obtained by integrating area with the value of Δ u on every point.
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The analysis is based on the investigation of the ID/IG (integrated area ratio), other nitrogen characteristic Raman modes and the type of nitrogen inclusion interpreted from the N 1s electron bonding energies in XPS.
Figure 6a shows the absorption spectra of a series of samples from the size selection and how the corresponding ratio of Mn PL to band-edge PL (integrated area normalized to the absorbance at the excitation wavelength) varies.
CMI is one the development strategies of the Amazon Programme, known in Suriname as Suriname Integrated Area Based Programme (SIABP).
School boards, for example, would announce that new schools would be built only in racially integrated areas.
Juan Orduz, a spokesman for the Colombian Embassy in Washington, said the money would help the government of President Andrés Pastrana integrate areas in Colombia, like Putumayo Province, that have long been marginalized by the central government and become a major source of drugs.
The LD band integrated areas were higher in CBs than in nylon 6.
Attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR) was used to quantitatively analyze the mineral variation by calculating the relative integrated-area of characteristic bands.
In order to integrate areas of gain into the analysis, all areas of gain which overlapped with areas of loss were removed and the remaining pixels of gain were added to the final transition map to assess regeneration.
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