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Research on the integration time of the M100 shows that the M100 integrates over the first 40 ms of signal [21] [23]; therefore the computations we are seeing here must be executed over no more than that amount of input (see Chait, et al. [24] for discussion of the spatial and temporal dynamics of pitch perception using MEG).
The other method integrates over the albedo distribution.
The Smith method first calculates the response of stiffened panel sub-structures in the girder and then integrates over the cross section of interest to calculate a moment curvature response curve.
Since the plastic work is the area encircled by the loading and the unloading curve, information from the entire loading curve is involved in the calculation of He, i.e. He integrates over the deformation states from the very beginning of loading up to the unloading procedure.
The former was evaluated based on a constant rectangular approximation of the sampled data and impulse response function in a number of steps corresponding to the sampling rate, while the latter interpolates the sampled data in an arbitrary number of sub-steps and then integrates over the sub-steps and steps.
A procedure that falls between these two extremes is proposed, which integrates over the discrete element damage states, and uses the first-order second-oment method to collapse several conditional random variables into a single conditional random variable representing total repair cost given the ground motion intensity.
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To integrate over, the region of integration has to be determined carefully.
Therefore, by multiplying with and integrating over, the inequality (4.14) follows the claim.
To integrate over AC signals, the voltage was sampled on each refresh of the TV.
Similarly, multiplying (3.7) by and integrating over, then synthesize the above, we obtain (3.19).
end{aligned} Multiplying with (omega(t geq0) and integrating over Ω give the desired result.
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