Neglecting the intangible infrastructure will inevitably lead to a neglect of tangible structures.
The solution layer describes the PSS and its components; tangible elements, intangible elements and the infrastructure for connecting all elements.
Elements within a manufacturing system are connected by a complex network of relations such as material flow, technological dependencies, infrastructure, and intangible cause-and-effect-chains. Depending on the scale of changes they may also interfere with engineering, procurement, logistics, or even manufacturing strategy.
The chance to make use of intangible assets, like advertising space on public infrastructure, pushes that figure even higher.
From the 19th-century train tracks repurposed as routes for fibre-optic cables and the cold war bunkers retrofitted to store data, Hu shows that the intangible cloud has a solid and polluting infrastructure.
A more liberalising government might have aimed to sell off dozens of state-run firms (as an earlier BJP government did) or pressed for an easing of labour laws across the country.Mr Modi is interested in concrete things like infrastructure and defence hardware, leaving more intangible matters like education, health and the environment to others.
In its 2010 Fifa World Cup Country Report, the government accepted the tournament cost money to host – Olympic Games and World Cups always do – but claimed South Africa did transform its transport and other infrastructure and will reap long-term "intangible benefits", from enhanced confidence and an improved global view of the country.
The lack of engagement is partly because the internet is intangible, and the work to build the new infrastructure has largely involved burying cables in remote areas away from the cities.
"They also brought many tangible and intangible benefits to China, especially in terms of public infrastructure improvements.
