In almost all studies, age, body mass index (BMI,) smoking, physical activity, alcohol intake, and dietary calorie intake were considered as potential confounders.
BMI, time of day of urine sample collection, and alcohol intake were considered but were not generally significant predictors in models with urinary phthalate metabolites as outcomes.
Age, parity, tablet compliance, season, and dietary calcium intake were considered potential confounders, but they did not materially alter the supplement effect and, for simplicity, are not included in the models presented.
If parents indicated that they had forgotten to administer the formulation to the child, then the absent VAS scores and absent values for the result of the intake were considered 'missing values'.
Generally, increase in whole-grain consumption and decrease in sucrose intake are considered healthy.
High alcohol intake was considered to be ≥20 grams/day in women and ≥60 grams/day in men [37].
When people ate more or less than this optimal amount, the intake was considered suboptimal.
Pathogen induced anorexia, i.e. a reduction in the host voluntary food intake, is considered to be the main reason that challenged animals cannot fully cover the nutritional requirements to achieve the above genetic capacities during infection and are required to distribute scarce resources between growth and the immune response [21], [26].
Daily energy intake was considered as post confounder.
Total soy product intake was considered as the sum of intake of these 6 food items.
