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All nutrient intakes were based on self-reports and were subject to reporting errors that may result in under-estimating the consumption of sodium.
With limited exceptions for carotenoids, our estimates of carotenoid and flavonoid intakes were based on values reported in the USDA flavonoid database.
Estimated intakes were based on the distributions of air concentrations and inhalation rates for children (< 13 years of age) and adults.
Length of follow-up was often limited, and in most cases with longer follow-up periods flavonoid intakes were based on a single baseline assessment, allowing the potential for regression dilution bias.
Lastly, nutrient and supplement intakes were based on self-report; however, because this information was collected prior to diagnosis, any misclassification would have been non-differential and would most likely have attenuated the associations.
Data on dietary carotenoid and retinol intakes were based primarily on food composition tables developed from HPLC analyses of Finnish foods (Heinonen et al, 1988a, b, 1989a, b; Ollilainen et al, 1989).
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Although the dietary intakes are based only on one recall, we have some reassurance regarding the accuracy of the estimates because biomarker concentrations in the prisoners were generally congruous with the nutrient intake data.
In addition, assessment of Mg intakes was based on RDA for Mg for Taiwanese aged 65 years and above (350 360 mg/day for older men and 300 310 mg/day for older women).
In the present study, assessment of Ca intakes was based on a previous RDA for Ca for Taiwanese aged 65 years and above (600 mg/day), because the Ca intake level for majority of older patients with diabetes was below the current AI for Ca (1000 mg/day).
Estimates of nitrate, nitrite, and nitrosamine intake were based on the 5,958 controls participating in the National Birth Defects Prevention Study, a population-based, case-control study that involves 10 states.
Reference values for daily dietary intake were based on national [ 17] and international guidelines [ 18].
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