In keeping with this hypothesis, we found that in our patients the energy intake exceeded the values recommended by current nutritional guidelines (25 to 30 kcal/kg/day) [ 1, 3, 5, 7– 9].
To test P for trend of the associations across increasing quartiles of intake, the median values of intake were assigned to each quartile and used as a continuous variable in the Cox model.
When plasma vitamin C and carotenoid concentrations were used as objective indicators for fruit and vegetable intake, the explanatory value of the model was lower, but again more variance was explained among realists than among overestimators.
Mobile source intake fractions may not be identical to residential intake fractions, and the values applied may be underestimates, given the importance of near-source impacts and the relatively low geographic resolution of models underlying our intake fraction estimates [ 22].
The populations of each sex were dichotomised into two age groups (<50 and 50 64), and 'portions' were converted into grams (of fruit and vegetables), such that the mean daily intake corresponded to the values in Table 2. Table 3 shows the results in terms of the proportions of the population at seven different levels of consumption of fruit and vegetables.
The results of an evaluation of relative validity depend on several factors, including choice of reference method, degree of homogeneity of the intake values within the population, recall period, and the number of days of record collection [30].
We used a 24 hr recall method to assess dietary intake and while this may lead to under-reporting of energy intakes, the reported values are not dissimilar to those of non-pregnant women in general UK population [ 40].
In all cases, except for flavonol intake, the 75th percentile values were more than three times greater than the 25th percentile values, ranging to more than five to seven times higher for flavanones.
Together with Argentina, Turkey and Indonesia, Uruguay had the highest mean fluid intakes, similar to the values observed in a previous study in Brazil [ 18].
Total water intakes from plain water, beverages, and food were compared to the Adequate Intake (AI) values from the US Dietary Reference Intakes DRII).
