Compared with children who were excluded due to incomplete information on the questionnaires, study subjects were more likely to be male, live in Naha city, brush their teeth, experience fluoride application, have family members who had never smoked, and have parents with a high educational level and were less likely to be young, have DFT, and have a higher intake of sugar (data not shown).
No differences were observed in total energy intake and the intake of other macronutrients (data not shown).
We also designed a dietary diary to monitor the dietary phosphorus intake of each patient (data not shown).
When mutually adjusted for intake of the HCAs (data not shown), the OR and 95% CI for highest to lowest quartile of BaP was 1.84 (1.37, 2.49).
There was, however, an inverse association with increased consumption of dark fish and risk of serous invasive tumours, ⩾2 servings per week vs never/less than monthly, OR=0.64 (95% CI: 0.43, 0.97), although this finding could be due to chance because only 37 cases reported a high intake of dark fish (data not shown).
In this study, salt intake was comparable between the three hypertension groups (NHT, UHT and THT; table 1) and each group had a high consumption of salt so that only 1.1% of study participants maintained the recommended intake of 9 g/day (data not shown).
dCase-only analysis has been performed for red meat intake due to lack of data from control individuals.
Caution should be exercised in the interpretation of intake data using FFQs.
Specifically for analyses on DASH, the UK centres were excluded due to the unavailability of intake data on vegetable oils (n = 1,857).
The 3 component model was able to accurately follow BP responses to relatively sustained changes in salt intake, but was limited in its ability to reproduce the most rapid BP transients associated with sudden and/or brief transitions in salt intake (particularly in the case of data set 3, obtained from an experimental protocol featuring frequent and brief changes in salt intake).
Validity of the relationship between sugar and fat in the diet relies on the accuracy of dietary intake data and all methods of data collection have inherent limitations that can lead to bias such that they may not accurately reflect true intakes.
