Furthermore, the hypothesis that fructose may exert less suppression of food intake than glucose or complex carbohydrate is based on indirect markers of food intake control, which relates essentially to the so-called homeostatic systems of food intake regulation, located in the brain stem and hypothalamus.
Significant alcohol intake produces changes in the brain's structure and chemistry, though some alterations occur with minimal use of alcohol over a short term period, such as tolerance and physical dependence.
The primary function of leptin is to regulate energy balance and food intake by acting in the brain, but the hormone also plays an important role in peripheral organs, modulating fertility, lactation, and immune response [ 8, 9].
We demonstrate that manipulation of Fto expression in the arcuate nucleus bi-directionally influences acute food intake in rats, implicating the brain and specifically the ARC in mediating at least some of the effects of FTO on energy balance.
Previous research has suggested that β-alanine intake can increase carnosine content in the brain, which appears to result in an anxiolytic effect (Murakami and Furuse 2010).
As previously noted, the obese phenotype of LSL- PrRP mice appears to be dependent on increased food intake, and this is reversed when PrRP expression is rescued in the brain (24 hr food intake in wild-type, nestin-Cre, LSL-PrRP, and nestin-Cre::LSL-PrRP littermates was as follows: 5.3 ± 0.1, 5.4 ± 0.1; 5.8 ± 0.1∗, and 5.3 ± 0.1g; ∗p < 0.05 LSL-PrRP versus all other groups).
These findings suggest that the higher dose of vitamin C intake could reduce amyloid plaque deposition in the brain.
The link between reductions in energy intake and the boosting of cell growth in the brain might seem an unlikely one, but Mattson insisted that there were sound evolutionary reasons for believing it to be the case.
"Before this study, we really didn't think that this type of receptor would have such a big role in the brain in food intake," Picciotto says.
Resynthesis of CDP-choline in the brain following citicoline intake and the pharmacodynamics of citicoline.
