However, a small proportion of patients reported intake errors following generic substitution [ 5], most commonly they simultaneously used two different products with the same active pharmaceutical ingredient.
This observed difference in effect may suggest inaccuracies in the measured dietary values, perhaps owing to measurement errors in assessment of intake, errors in food composition tables or the lack of information on intake from dietary supplements.
Calibration equations using this strategy can improve assessment of diet and disease association by adjusting for self-reported intake measurement error (5, 9).
Moreover, recovery biomarkers provide reference estimates of dietary intake with errors that are likely to be uncorrelated with the errors of self-reported dietary methods [ 8, 9].
As we had to rely on self-reported dietary intakes, measurement error may have attenuated the observed statistical associations [ 44].
The most common causes of hypoglycemia among patients with type 2 diabetes include the use of hypoglycemic medications [ 4], inadequate caloric intake, exercise, errors with use of medications, and intercurrent illnesses.
The calibration exercise is based on several assumptions: 1) 24-h recall provides an unbiased measure of fish intake, 2) the error in assessing fish intake by 24-h recall is random, and 3) the error in assessing fish intake by 24-h recall is uncorrelated with the error in assessing fish intake by dietary questionnaire.
For each study, we corrected the relative risk for total alcohol intake for measurement error using the regression coefficients between alcohol intakes estimated by the FFQs and reference methods (Rosner et al, 1989, 1990).
It is supported by models that represent how mechanisms such as prestige, success and conformity bias could have evolved by natural selection, despite such disadvantages as learning costs, increased brain size/caloric intake, and substantial error rates.
Before considering the effect of the confounder (total energy intake), ignoring measurement error in the exposure (haem iron intake) leads to the exposure effect being underestimated by approximately 20% and the interaction with genotype being underestimated by 15%, compared to adjustment for measurement error using regression calibration (Table 4).
