This may be a mechanism for achieving efficient tree architecture in terms of resource intake and costs of transportation.
Among children with pharmaceutical intake, estimated costs were 24% higher for obese children compared with the normal weight group.
Multimorbidity was also associated with an increase in health care utilization, i.e. number of physician encounters, rate of hospitalization, length of hospital stay, drug intake and costs [ 4, 5].
Other measurements included timed stair climb, distance walked in 6 minutes, strength, gait, knee pain, health-related quality of life, knee radiographs, body weight, dietary intake, and cost-effectiveness of the interventions.
Many studies have also shown that a reduction in salt intake is cost effective, 41 42 43 arguing for the more widespread introduction of national programmes to reduce dietary salt consumption.
F&V intake and dietary costs (GBP/d) were derived from a semi-quantitative FFQ.
After adjustment for sex, F&V intake and dietary costs both increased with age.
Fig. 1(b) shows the association between F&V intake across dietary costs quartiles for highest and lowest income strata.
First, general linear model analysis was applied to describe the socioeconomic gradient in combined F&V intake and dietary costs as continuous variables, using both education and income as socioeconomic predictors.
Based on data from 14, 836 respondents aged 3-17 years in the German Interview and Examination Survey for Children and Adolescents (KiGGS), drug intake and associated costs were estimated using a bottom-up approach.
