In experimental animal studies [ 18] energy restriction was found to reduce mammary tumour cell proliferation via G1 cell cycle arrest, establishing a connection between dietary intake and cell cycle regulators.
Experimental animal studies support our findings of a connection between dietary intake and cell cycle regulators because energy restriction has been demonstrated to reduce mammary tumour cell proliferation via G1 cell cycle arrest, possibly through increased expression of p27 and reduced expression of cyclin D1 [ 18, 34].
We did not have information on other factors such as family history of renal cell carcinoma or total energy intake, although these factors would have to be related to both fluid intake and renal cell carcinoma risk to have strongly confounded any association.
Within the large, prospective NIH-AARP Diet and Health Study, we further examined associations between nitrate and nitrite intake and clear cell as well as papillary RCC histological subtypes.
In all, 174 articles did not examine the association between alcoholic beverage intake and renal cell cancer, 40 were reviews, and 3 were letter, comment, or editorial.
We identified studies examining the association between alcoholic beverage intake and renal cell cancer by searching the database of PubMed, EMBASE, and MEDLINE published through August 2011.
A cross-sectional study of men with advanced, asymptomatic HIV demonstrated a positive association between protein intake and body cell mass independent of muscle-building activity.
Out of 35 articles that examined the association between alcoholic beverage intake and renal cell cancer, 18 were excluded because of data overlap (n=15), the absence of RRs (n=1), assessment of alcoholism as exposure (n=1), and kidney cancer death (n=1).
Some studies have reported inverse associations between plasma carotenoids (as markers of fruit and vegetable intake) and urothelial cell carcinoma or bladder cancer 30, 37– 39, but the number of studies is limited.
We evaluated whether the decreased risk observed between wine intake and clear cell carcinomas (Table 3) was influenced by the variability within European studies by excluding the three European studies.
Recall bias or selection bias in case control studies may attenuate the association between alcoholic beverage intake and renal cell cancer risk because alcoholic beverage could be overestimated among cases or underestimated among controls.
