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Dietary intake of participants was assessed by a 61-item semi-quantitative FFQ that referred to food intake 1 year prior to the interview.
The tested covariates were age at first birth, body mass index, socioeconomic position, alcohol intake 1 year before data collection, age at menarche and menopause, parity, use of menopausal hormone therapy, age at menopause, family history of breast cancer and benign breast disease.
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Coffee intake 10 years before interview was also positively associated with RA risk.
Alcohol consumption and cigarette smoking were however extensively addressed in the questionnaire, with questions about lifetime exposure history of smoking and alcohol intake 5 years before baseline.
In the JUPITER study (Justification for the Use of Statins in Prevention: an Intervention Trial Evaluating Rosuvastatin), which enrolled 17,802 nondiabetic adults, rosuvastatin intake >1.9 years increased the incidence of diabetes by ∼20% (26).
Newcomb et al. [ 26] examined endometrial cancer risk in relation to participants' alcohol intake 5 years before the interview and also in their 20 s but found no statistically significant association in either time period; however, a significant inverse association was observed in a small group of pre-menopausal women who, 5 years before the interview, consumed 1 drink/day or more.
A single measure of nutrient intakes 10 years earlier, however, was used as the exposure measure in our study, which may not reflect more recent and perhaps relevant intake, if intervening illness or other life changes affected the intake.
In the previous studies on vitamin intakes, 6-year-old children were included in groups of children of various age ranges [ 10- 19], therefore, direct comparison to other studies is not possible.
Participants reported significant reductions in energy, fat and sodium intake, and increases in fruit, vegetable and fibre intake over 1 year.
The study duration is 2.5 years with 1.5 years of intake and 1 year of follow-up.
Individuals reported reduced energy, fat and sodium intake at 1 year compared with baseline.
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