When data from the true acupuncture group was compared directly to that from the sham acupuncture group, again the insular and adjacent operculum were activated.
Delimitations of insular and adjacent cortical areas were plotted using a Leica (DM 6000 B) microscope equipped with a digital camera (MBF CX 9000) and a computerized plotting system (Neurolucida, MicroBrightField, Inc., Williston, VT, USA).
Consistent with prior research, heartbeat monitoring engaged a circumscribed area spanning insular cortex and adjacent inferior frontal operculum.
Significant activation to the infrequent strategy-change trials was found in the anterior middle frontal gyrus (MFG), the posterior inferior frontal gyrus (IFG) and adjacent insular cortex, and in the anterior cingulate gyrus (ACG).
Lesion mapping revealed that crucial for recognizing the sound of limb movements was the left parieto-frontal cortex, while the left inferior frontal gyrus and the adjacent insular cortex were causatively associated with recognition of bucco-facial-related action sounds.
Except C. sorrah, the study species have worldwide distributions; C. obscurus is found in coastal and offshore, but not oceanic, waters; P. glauca is oceanic but may be found close inshore when the continental shelf is narrow and S. lewini is semi-oceanic occurring over continental and insular shelves and adjacent deep water [ 13].
(2) The relation of the insular cortex to the adjacent claustrum is neither ontogenetical nor functional, but purely topographical.
These structural cortical changes were colocalized with BOLD activation following allodynic stimulation in the posterior insula, while the other insular regions were only adjacent to deactivation.
This analysis demonstrated positive correlation between reaction times and distributed activity in regions including bilateral anterior insular cortices and the adjacent IFG (anterior insular/IFG), the middle frontal gyri, extending posteriorly to the precentral sulci and the intraparietal sulci, dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) and adjacent superior frontal gyrus (dorsal ACC/SFG) (Fig. 2).
A Task × Intelligibility interaction was observed in the left inferior frontal gyrus (including pars opercularis and triangularis) and anterior insula (inferior frontal gyrus and adjacent anterior insular cortex), extending up into the middle frontal gyrus, and in the dACC/SFG (Fig. 6).
Such reductions have previously been reported in women with AN [ 5] and in the operculum, an area adjacent to the insular cortex [ 17] and furthermore, some gray matter deficit remains following recovery [ 16].
