Neonatal death was most likely due to respiratory insufficiency and/or compression of the spinal cord or brainstem by spinal stenosis.
A circular or oval cross section is not normal and indicates congestion of the vessel, caused mostly by thrombosis or sometimes by right cardiac insufficiency or compression of the vein in the thorax [ 26, 27].
Tinnitus, vertigo, and visual changes associated with vertebrobasilar insufficiency or brainstem compression can arise [ 6].
Leg discomfort and oedema are commonly attributed to a venous disorder (CVD) or chronic venous insufficiency (CVI) and treated with compression hosiery.
Bone pain is the predominant presenting symptoms, but other symptoms such as anemia, hypercalcemia, renal insufficiency, neuropathy, and spinal cord compression may be present at the time of diagnosis.
Alterations in fetal heart rate can alert the anaesthetist as early as possible to aortocaval compression and cardiovascular insufficiency due to poor positioning of the mother.
For VLU, the management of venous insufficiency and associated edema with high-compression therapy and infection control are essential.
Approximately 30 50% of affected neonates die shortly after birth from respiratory insufficiency due to pulmonary hypoplasia and thoracic compression by the excessively enlarged kidneys (Fig. 3).
The model proposed by us results from the interplay of three groups of factors: (1) maternal factors (such as maternal age, obesity, smoking), (2) fetal and placental factors (such as intrauterine growth retardation, placental insufficiency), and (3) a stressor (such as venocaval compression from maternal supine sleep position, sleep disordered breathing).
Frequent primary symptoms in those cases were ptosis caused by oculomotor nerve infiltration or compression, hyponatremia, and weakness due to corticosteroid insufficiency.
