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The requirements for a per se violation are: the forced purchase of one commodity in order to obtain a separate desired commodity or service; possession by the seller of sufficient economic power with respect to the tying product to restrain free trade in the market for the tied product; and that the arrangement affects a not insubstantial amount of commerce in the market for the tied product.
To establish liability, the plaintiff in a "tying" case must also prove that the seller has "sufficient economic power with respect to the tying product to appreciably restrain competition in the market for the tied product," and that "a 'not insubstantial' amount of interstate commerce is affected". Ungar, supra, at 1244 (quoting Northern Pacific, supra, 356 U.S. at 5, 78 S.Ct. at 518).
"Plus, it ties into the mythology of L.A. as an insubstantial place.
It just rests there by gravity, somewhat tied down by skin and muscles and tendons and ligaments, but those insubstantial biological anchors don't do much against the force of a violent chemical explosion.
But as the argument proceeded on Monday, another possibility appeared at least as likely: that the votes to hear the case had come from justices who regarded the challenge as insubstantial and wanted to dispose of it before many more state and federal courts could be tied up with similar cases.
Others were totally insubstantial.
Money is insubstantial now.
So far, so insubstantial.
This difference, however, is insubstantial.
The accusations are not insubstantial.
The property is also insubstantial.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com