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Several instruments were derived from the sheng, including the Japanese shō and the Korean saenghwang.
The authors noted that these instruments were derived from preclinical pharmaceutical research in animal models.
The scoring functions of the preference-based instruments were derived from responses of the general population.
Furthermore, the scoring functions of the MAU preference-based instruments were derived from responses of the general public.
The additional items, which are not on the current QualEFFO instruments, were derived from questionnaires used in the Mediterranean Osteoporosis Study and the European Vertebral Osteoporosis Study [ 22].
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Much of what is known about the origin of instruments is derived from Chinese and Korean historical books and administrative documents, such as the grand list of presents sent by the Chinese Song emperor to Korea in the year 1111.
The dominant literature informing the choice of control instruments is derived from organizational control theory, which primarily focuses on the exercise of control within a single organization and assumes that different types of control function independently.
The content of the instruments is derived from an iterative process [ 1- 4].
The performance of screening instruments was derived from a systematic review and bivariate meta-analysis at a range of instrument cut points; estimates of other relevant parameters were derived from literature sources and relevant databases.
The name of this type of instrument is derived from the fact that the primary mirror reflects the light back to a focus instead of refracting it.
Methods for statistical validation of the standard instrument are derived.
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