There are many ways in which biological samples can be contaminated through the use of unsuitable collection instruments, tissue containers, blood collection vials, or contaminated anticoagulants.
The construction was performed using the Beecher Instruments Tissue Microarrayer (Beecher Instruments, Silver Spring, MD, USA) (Kononen et al, 1998).
Tissue microarray (TMA) was constructed with a Beecher Instruments tissue microarraryer (Beecher Instruments, Silver Spring, MD, USA).
Four cores of 0.6 mm were taken from each donor block and arrayed on a recipient paraffin block using a precision instrument (Tissue Arrayer, Beecher Instruments, Silver Spring, MD, USA).
Nine fundamental surgical instrument-tissue actions or manipulations are defined and common synonyms provided.
Previous studies argue for the implementation of enhanced haptic feedback to increase efficiency in terms of more successful grasping actions [11] and accurate control over the instrument-tissue interaction forces [12].
TMAs were prepared using a manual tissue arraying instrument (Tissue-Tek Quick-Ray Tissue Microarray System; Sakura Finetek USA, Inc. Torrance, CA 90501 USA).
Samples fixed in molecular fixative were processed by a recently described automated microwave-based rapid tissue-processing instrument (Tissue-Tek® Xpress™, Sakura Finetek, Torrance, CA).
Samples had then been removed from each slice and subjected to tissue processing (dehydration, clearing and impregnation) on an automated instrument (Tissue-Tek VIP 5 Jr., Sakura Finetek Japan, Tokyo, Japan) that employed seven steps of 100% ethanol, three steps of xylene, and four steps of paraffin, with 8 hours at each step.
Tissue cylinders of diameter of 1 mm were punched from the marked areas on each block and incorporated into a recipient paraffin block using a precision instrument, the tissue arrayer (Beecher Instruments, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA).
A single biopsy (0.6 mm cores) from each tumour was taken from the area chosen by an uropathologist and placed in the paraffin block using a custom-made precision instrument (manuel tissue microarrayer 1, Beecher Instruments, Sun Prairie, WI, USA).
