An Instrument That Translates Landscape Paintings Into Music.
In order to validate the instruments that were translated, a validation exercise was carried out by the expert team.
Finally, there could have been conceptual differences across cultures in interpreting the semantic equivalence as advised by Herdman [ 31] who highlighted that translated instruments implicitly and explicitly assume that notions of oral health-related quality of life are similar across cultures, when they may not be.
To the best of our knowledge, there are a limited number of Qol instruments that have been translated into German, including the Qol-AD [ 19], D-Qol [ 20, 21] and QUALIDEM [ 22].
In its draft guidance, the US Food and Drug Administration FDAA) encourages the development of instruments that are able to translate a change in symptoms into specific endpoints such as improvements in the ability to perform daily activities or improvements in psychological state [ 6].
We mainly used instruments that had previously been translated into Tamil language and validated.
The study was carried out in German and the used terms were all extracted from commonly used self-report instruments that were developed or translated in German.
From a measurement perspective, it is recommended that the psychometric properties of an instrument that has been translated for use in new cultures or languages should be re-evaluated in a population that is representative of the target culture or language [ 7].
Cross-cultural adaptation and validation of a HRQoL instrument requires that the translated tool not only be linguistically appropriate for use in the target population and conceptually equivalent to the original one, but also show satisfactory psychometric properties and cross cultural measurement equivalence.
Finally the original instrument, the translated version and the back-translated version were compared by a committee.
