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The pre-survey and the post-survey incorporated previously validated instruments of STEM interest, self-efficacy, and career awareness (Kier et al. 2014; Milner et al. 2013; Tyler-Wood et al. 2010).
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Thus, the "item-improved" instruments retain the stem of the original items, but have "improved" the tense to "present" and the response categories to "five" (together with minor improvements in clarity and phrasing).
Maintenance of stem cells √ ** √ ?
The reliability of this instrument with STEM GTAs was 0.92 (DeChenne et al., 2012b).
The main criticisms of this instrument stem from the fact that this scale, like the CNS, was not originally designed to measure level or quality of care.
The sensitivity and high polarization of that domain stems from the fact that it is used as one of the instruments of modern warfare – alike humanitarian intervention.
While we identified some weaknesses in the research instruments, which stemmed from the use of non-standard, self-designed questionnaires, we decided to analyse all studies for the sake of a broader literature review.> -wrap-foot>> -wRRp-foot> responsense rate, NS not specified.
They are instruments of help.
What are your instruments of monetary control?
They still are instruments of the state.
Instruments of destruction or instruments of healing?
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com