For b) & c), if individual participant data are obtained from different studies, one can consider analysing standardised scores if different measurement has been used, providing there is evidence that different instruments measure the same latent construct.
Relatively simple medical instruments measure temperature, blood pressure (sphygmomanometer), or lung capacity (spirometer).
The Modis instruments measure ice and snow cover, vegetation, land surface characteristics, atmospheric aerosol particles and heat from fires.
In a quick-and-dirty definition, reality would begin with elementary particles and the interactions that bind them to build the universe that our instruments measure, our eyes see and our hands touch.
Sensors and automatic instruments measure the dimensions and temperature of the ingot after each pass through the rolls, and the control computer calculates and regulates the roll settings for the next pass.
The small variation indicates, however, that all three instruments measure different aspects of physical activity.
Lidar instruments measure characteristics of laser pulses as they return off of objects at different heights above the earth's surface.
To the extent that both instruments measure an identical ocean signal, the difference will be dominated by vertical land motion at the gauge.
Another explanation is that the two subscales of both instruments measure slightly different constructs of coping, thus do not provide much additional validation of the CHIP.
Lidar instruments measure three-dimensional canopy structure which improves the accuracy of biomass maps [3] but lidar datasets have limited coverage and are expensive to acquire.
Validity refers to the degree to which the measures of the instruments measure what it is supposed to measure (Joppe 2000; Mugenda, 2008).
