The measures reported in each of the included studies are shown in Table 2 (all abbreviations used to describe HRQoL instruments are defined below Table 2).
Level 1 instruments are defined as those that have robust psychometric properties and have the ability to discriminate between different EBM levels, or expertise [ 4].
Because of a difference in scaling of the NRS (Pain and General Health) and HAQ-DI, a worse health outcome on these instruments was defined by the > median value of the outcome measure.
In particular, the threshold instrument is defined as a binary variable that equals 1 when the municipality in which an individual lives is more than 4200 m away from its MDF (lower probability of DSL availability) and 0 otherwise.42.42
One option could be, for example, to resort to a dictionary definition, with the Oxford English Dictionary (OED) offering: "any instrument of manual operation", where instrument is defined as an "object used for a given purpose".
Evaluation in this instrument is defined as "the process of using data to assess group/team performance and to achieve outcomes in organizations or units" [ 40].
We investigate this here by estimating multiple IV models in which – each time – the instrument is defined by a different set of SNPs.
In general, the minimal clinically important difference (MCID) of a PRO instrument is defined as smallest change in a PRO measure that is linked to a clinically relevant difference or change.
Responsiveness, or "sensitivity to change", an essential property of measuring instrument, is defined as the ability to detect a clinically meaningful change [ 9- 12], such as a change that clinicians or patients think is discernable and important.
