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To increase management effectiveness, the ES framework offers new promising environmental governance instruments, however, the operational use is still poorly integrated in the management of protected areas.
According to Boore (2001), the source of the drifts was likely the shift in the zero level due to tilting (either dynamic or permanent) in the instruments; however, the effect of tilt on the vertical components was much smaller.
At the time of the reviews, information on responsiveness was available for the majority of the instruments; however the evidence was more mixed and/or limited for COPD (CCQ) [ 36] and stroke (SIS) [ 37].
Over-reporting of PA and under-reporting or missing BMI data is always possible with self-report instruments; however, the SHAPES student-level PA module has been validated against objectively measured PA, height, and weight [ 20].
Overall, we found that there is evidence for the reliability of both instruments; however, the majority of FIM studies were carried out in inpatient rehabilitation settings and most of the MDS articles were conducted with nursing home residents.
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Our initial studies used 5'-FITC as a fluorescent probe, for compatibility with our existing endoscopy instrument; however, the QPIHPNNM peptide can be easily labeled with other dyes in the visible and near infrared (NIR) spectrum, where improved image contrast is expected from reduced tissue autofluorescence.
Analysis of the interview data identified potential themes for inclusion in the CAT-QoL instrument; however, the response levels for the items (questions) had not yet been determined.
Irrespective of its diagnostic power as a screening instrument, however, the additional costs of natriuretic peptide testing is not self-evidently justified by its test accuracy [ 24].
In this study, extracardiac co-morbidity could have impacted the SF-36 result as it is a generic instrument; however, the AF-specific scale confirms the difference at baseline between controlled and uncontrolled patients.
Both groups reported similar fatigue rating scores at baseline using the FACIT-Fatigue instrument, however the mean percentage improvement in the FACIT-Fatigue scale was significantly greater in the ETN + MTX group compared with the DMARD group at week 16 (28.0% versus 10.4%, P = 0.001, Table 2).
Investigators commonly view significant associations between HRQL scores and clinical measures of disease severity or functional status as evidence for the validity of an instrument; however, the importance of such associations is primarily in understanding which manifestations of a disease have the greatest effects on HRQL--they are much less relevant to validity.
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