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The DHS program has spent vast resources on developing survey instruments, guidelines, careful selection of surveyors, training in survey techniques and analysis of collected data (19).
The instruments were translated into Thai, with permission from the author of the Resilience Scale, following the WHO Process of translation and adaptation of instruments guidelines [ 36], which included forward and backward translation, review by a panel of experts, and pre-testing the questionnaire.
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Scoring of PTSD symptoms was according to the original instrument guidelines and standards [ 11].
Current PRO instrument guidelines [ 3- 5] make it increasingly important for clinical researchers to understand the science behind the instruments used to try to capture the patient perspective.
Physical (PCS) and mental (MCS) component summary measures were calculated by weighting each SF-8 item using a norm-based scoring method given in the instrument guidelines [ 8].
Band animals were castrated (time = 0 min) with latex rubber bands applied and tensioned to the neck of the scrotum using the Callicrate Smart Bander (St. Francis, KS, USA) following the instrument guidelines.
The outcome of PTSD was dichotomised into respondents exhibiting or not exhibiting signs of PTSD (cut off ≥ 2.0), and the outcome of depression dichotomised into respondents exhibiting not exhibiting signs of depression (cut off ≥ 1.75), based upon the cut off levels given in the instrument guidelines [ 26].
Based upon the cut off levels given in the instrument guidelines, the outcome of PTSD was dichotomised into respondents exhibiting or not exhibiting signs of PTSD (cut off ≥2.0), and the outcome of depression dichotomised into respondents exhibiting not exhibiting signs of depression (cut off ≥1.75) [ 18].
The COnsensus-based Standards for the selection of health status Measurement INstruments (COSMIN) guidelines and the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses (PRISMA) guidelines have been followed to report this review [ 8, 10, 11]. 1.
The COnsensus-based Sthedardselection selectiof of health status Measurement INstruments (COSMIN) guidelines [ 27] and the Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) guidelines [ 28] were followed in reporting this study.
The existing area zoning has created certain expectations for the pastoralists that are impossible to meet with today's available instruments and guidelines (Individual interview with regional government official).
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com