The cost of buying insurance against either country defaulting on their debt – through so-called credit default swaps – hit record levels as the risk of holding these instruments compared to holding German bonds, regarded as the safest bet in Europe, increased.
There are limitations of web-based instruments: Compared to paper-based versions, completing electronic questionnaires is more time consuming and some people may require assistance.
If conflicts are already clearly visible and unavoidable, the procedures of alternate dispute resolution are effective and less costly instruments compared to legal litigation.
Because of the lower relative cost of debt-like instruments compared to capital instruments, banks preferred to issue hybrid capital to offset the increase in risk-weighted assets during the expansion period, which deteriorated the quality of regulatory capital.
We find forest bioenergy, representing a tangible ecosystem service exchanged in the market, to be governed more positively and with more explicit instruments compared to carbon sequestration.
Banks that are listed in the stock markets are less subject to asymmetric information and, thus, they are more likely to issue capital instruments, compared to the rest of banks.
Since the methods of biomolecule deposition and sensing are both electrochemical, this allows simplifying the production technology using cheaper detection instruments compared to prevailing present-day optical detection modes.
They have recently entered the debate as acceptable reform instruments compared to tax or benefit reductions, especially in Continental European Countries, where high tax and social contribution rates as well as generous unemployment benefits and social assistance create strong disincentives to work105.
Stanley acted upon a remark made by his father in 1854 about the high cost and poor quality of English drawing instruments compared to those imported from France and Switzerland, and started a business making mathematical and drawing instruments.
The PROMIS proxy sample scored similar or better on the other proxy instruments compared to normative samples.
