As gender differences are apparent in reading achievement and reading choices, we apply a multi-group comparative approach in order to control for potential gender-biased estimates caused by measurement non-invariance of the PIRLS instrument Attitude toward Reading.
As a data collection instruments Computer Attitude Scale, Attitudes toward the Internet Scale have been used.
One of the most frequently used instruments in attitude studies is the Iowa Infant Feeding Attitude Scale, which consists of items on the health and practical benefits as well as the financial benefits of breastfeeding [ 11, 21, 42- 44].
In the discriminative analysis the instrument for attitude demonstrated a small, though significant correlation to the self-efficacy, decision-to-adopt and job-satisfaction instruments (Table 5).
Considering the measurement invariance for the instrument Students' Attitude Toward Reading, gender differences in reading attitudes are apparent in all countries, with girls showing a significantly more positive attitude toward reading than boys.
The survey instrument contained attitude statements related to perceptions of the severity of influenza, susceptibility to it, and the benefits incurred in undertaking the vaccine.
Moreover, the discriminant validity of the instruments measuring attitudes, self-efficacy, decision-to-adopt and job-satisfaction was shown to be satisfactory by the low correlation between each of these indexes.
Estrada et al. [ 10] list the 3 most widely used instruments to measure attitudes to statistics: Attitude toward statistics scale (ATS) [ 11]; Statistics Attitude Survey (SAS) [ 12]; Survey of Attitudes Toward Statistics (SATS) [ 13].
Instrument: the attitudes of nurses and physicians was measured by Jefferson Scale of Attitudes toward Nurse-Physician Collaboration.
The aim of this study is to develop and evaluate a specific instrument, the Attitudes toward Fertility and Childbearing Scale (AFCS), to assess and compare attitudes toward fertility and childbearing using a national sample of Swedish women, who are not yet mothers.
