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Behavioral analysis of volitional foot placement was tested using a grid-walk behavioral test (Foot Misplacement Apparatus, Columbus Instruments) as previously described [14], [57].
Samples were labeled using Cy-labeled random primers (9mers) and then hybridized onto the corresponding microarray platform and scanned using a GenePix 4000B scanner (Axon Instruments) as previously described[33].
All psychosocial and health status characteristics were quantified using standardized instruments, as previously described for the PREMIER study [ 14].
Plasma NOx levels were determined by the chemiluminescence technique, using a Sievers 280 NO Analyzer (Sievers Instruments) as previously described [ 22- 24].
Sharp-electrode recordings were made from muscle six in abdominal segments two and three of third instar larvae using an Axopatch 200B, or a Multiclamp 700B amplifier (Axon Instruments), as previously described (Davis and Goodman, 1998).
Short circuit current (Isc) was measured by voltage-clamping the transepithelial voltage across the monolayers to 0 mV with a voltage/current clamp (model VCC MC8, Physiologic Instruments) as previously described.
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For monitoring of physiological conditions, bears were instrumented as previously described [ 11].
For imaging, each tube was placed in a custom, in-house imaging instrument as previously described [ 24].
The genomic DNAs were extracted and sequenced on a Roche GS Junior instrument, as previously described [ 25, 31, 32].
The blood was processed through a prototype liquid biopsy cell sample preparation instrument as previously described [ 13].
mRNA levels of IL-32α, IL-32nonα and MxA were assessed by real time RT-PCR using the LightCycler480 instrument, as previously described [ 17].
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