The paper's findings demonstrate huge variety regarding not only the instruments applied and schemes developed, but also the political motives and priorities over the past 30 years.
The diversity of policy instruments and regulatory schemes available at the discretion of policy makers, coupled with the lack of understanding of such schemes and weak public infrastructure, further impedes proper regulation in the EMR region in general, and Lebanon in particular.
JS contributed to the data collection instrument and coding scheme, confirmed the RJ's interpretation of the findings, and provided feedback on drafts.
Subsequently, we present a selection of laboratory experiments in the field of innovation policy, namely intellectual property rights, financial instruments, payment schemes, and R&D competition.
Therefore, we provide an overview of the existing methods, discuss the advantages and limitations of laboratory experiments, and review experimental studies dealing with different fields of innovation policy, namely intellectual property rights, financial instruments, payment schemes, and R&D competition.
As the experimental method yields promising results in testing intellectual property rights, financial instruments, payment schemes, and R&D competition, we suggest that laboratory experiments can serve as a useful additional tool to innovation economists and represent a source of promising new insights for innovation research.
Our proposed taxonomy will implicate three types or facets of movement: (1) distal movements we ultimately effect in the world via mediating instruments; (2) proximal physical movements that handle the instruments; and (3) sensorimotor operatory schemes that organize the performance of these tasks.
A raft of treaty updates to neutralise the tax advantages of complex financial instruments, schemes and structures, including hybrid capital, interest payment deductions and over-capitalisation.
These instruments include: schemes for crop insurance; microfinance for re-stocking and re-planting; and, at the national level, structuring development loans or grants in such a way as to encourage governments and communities to build disaster-reduction and risk mitigation measures into their disaster response programmes and national development plans.
These international differences in doctors' sick days and stress levels may be due to different measurement instruments and different types of contract or sickness compensation schemes.
