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An efficient financial system is a prerequisite for a modern economy (Wachter 2006), which includes financial markets, institutions, instruments, and regulations (Mannah-Blankson and Belnye 2004).
To the best of our knowledge, such analysis at a disaggregated level has not been done at country level, as the focus of literature has been on estimating cashless payments, its macro-economic effects, instruments, and regulations that can promote cashless payments.
These arguments show that although Brazil owns large territories, agricultural use of fertile lands could lead to unsustainable practices in specific areas, which means that effective instruments and regulations to implement protective laws for land use are needed but, so far, not always real due to different political structures and mechanisms in the Brazilian states.
Naming these four factors, concentration processes in the biofuel sector, rising land prices, lack of effective and respected controlling instruments and regulations, a highly unequal distribution of land and on-going conflicts on land, we argue that there are negative social side effects caused by an increased agricultural production of the main raw materials for biofuels.
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The updated market in financial instruments directive and regulation (MIFID/MIFIR) together govern investment products, investment service providers, regulated markets, multilateral trading facilities (MTFs) and organised trading facilities (OTFs).
We believe that our overview of regulatory mechanisms in Lebanon, coupled with the stakeholders' interviews, revealed that voluntary instruments and self regulation are indeed disfavored as they are not viewed as instruments conducive to proper regulation of the CAM market in the country.
Thermal and hygrometric requirements are not so strict as to justify a lot of rooms: the accuracy of the measuring instruments and the regulation of conditions inside the chamber always produce higher deviations than those of ideal storage conditions for different products.
The updated market in financial instruments directive and regulation (MIFID/MIFIR) would lay down uniform trading rules for firms selling investment products, investment service providers and regulated markets.
The article begins with an outline of the design of the sliding market premium instrument and supplementary regulations on the promotion of market integration in the EEG 2014, as well as an overview of the development of participation in direct marketing.
Bank nonperforming loans to total gross loans are steadily increasing from 11.3% in 2011 to 14.5% in 2015.6 This deterioration is mainly due to the lack of effective supervisory instruments and rigorous prudential regulation.
Instead, Haslett tracks a different calamity: the global economic crisis that accelerated after 2001, propelled by bad mortgages, bad financial instruments, bad regulations and bad faith.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com