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In the instrumental tasks where the cost of food is relatively high due to an explicit work requirement and food scarcity, i.e., food-restriction, the effect of sucrose exposure early in life is robust.
Some of the instrumental tasks might be gender-dependent among the older generation.
Some of the instrumental tasks may be sex-dependent among elderly persons.
Differential VTA unit activity on correct versus error trials was common in our dataset and is consistent with prior reports in instrumental tasks (Morris et al., 2006; Roesch et al., 2007; Totah et al., 2013).
Using the disability score on SMAF items, the SMAF explained 51% of the variance in skilled nursing-care time (p < 0.006) and 87% of the variance in unskilled care (personal care and instrumental tasks) (p < 0.005) [ 45].
Also, a progressive decline in the ability to perform the instrumental tasks precedes a decline in ADLs [ 17], although the pattern of loss among the specific IADLs is not as distinct as that which has been reported for ADLs.
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None of the animals could recall the discrimination task, while the instrumental task of the test procedure was instantly performed correctly.
He also shared Mises's suppositions about value-freedom in economic science, the need to describe rather than evaluate preferences, and the instrumental task of science, namely, of showing how to achieve ends rather than assessing their value.
These results show that although chimpanzees are capable of spontaneous cooperation in a novel instrumental task, tolerance acts as a constraint on their ability to solve such cooperative problems.
The precise component of the instrumental task associated with the PFC-NA correlation cannot be discerned from our data.
In this instrumental task, the number of active lever presses required to obtain a sucrose reward is increased incrementally after each sucrose pellet earned.
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