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In denying theoretical reason all insight into the supersensible (against various stripes of rationalism) and in denying normative authority to the inclinations (against Hume), Kant thereby rules out the only ways that that theoretical or instrumental reasoning could supply authoritative reasons to act: only pure practical reason can do this.
The first remains very widespread: with Hume, it regards instrumental reasoning as fundamental (cf. practical reason, §4; reasons for action: internal vs. external).
She argues that even if the Deferential Wife were a Rawlsian ideal reasoner, making choices under ideal epistemic conditions those of "adequate instrumental reasoning abilities, full and complete information and the capacity to vividly imagine the consequences of her actions" (Babbitt 1993, 247)—she still would not choose autonomy over deference.
The point is an important one, for it helps explain the belief that reason is distinctively human (intuitively, we may want to attribute instrumental reasoning to other species, but there is still reluctance to attribute mathematical reasoning to them), as well as our tendency to place such enormous significance upon the fact that humans are capable of reasoning.
Nor will instrumental reasoning necessarily move us.
Thus, the standard model of instrumental reasoning, which takes ends as fixed and inquires solely into the means needed to satisfy them, is inadequate.
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Instrumental reason is interested only in determining the means to a goal, without reasoning about ends in themselves.
Whether synchronic or diachronic, these arguments reveal a dramatic breakdown of instrumental, means-ends reasoning.
It turns out, said Dharmakīrti, that correct reasoning is instrumental in helping one form beliefs that motivate successful action.
Desires produced or sustained by this process of practical reasoning are instrumental desires the agent has them because she thinks that satisfying them will lead to something else that she desires.
Following Hume, many philosophers hold that practical reasoning is essentially instrumental.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com