In Taylor's terms, the question is whether an "upper language," in which we describe altruism as noble and admirable, can be fully captured by a "lower language," of instrumental and biological explanation, a language that scrupulously avoids the vocabulary of purpose, intentionality, design, teleology.
However, in medicine the goal of causal explanation is instrumental.
Thus if motor arousal or aversive states were the explanation for elevated instrumental behavior here, lever pressing during baseline periods in between auditory stimuli should have been elevated too – not only when a CS+ was present.
Table 2 The instrumental principles of sustainability Instrumental rule Explanation Internalisation of external social and environmental costs Prices have to reflect the external environmental and social costs arising through the economic process.
Difference in instrumental precision is thus an unlikely explanation for their stronger associations.
Table 6 presents the resulting model for instrumental use, which had a low explanation of the variation (Adjusted R2 = 0.032, F = 6.071, p = 0.015).
In this explanation the mechanism between general and instrumental values is the institutional make-up of health care systems.
The actions and strategies taken by mothers varied and can be characterized as lying on a continuum between affectionate and instrumental care and found the cultural background to influence the explanations of fever and the selection of actions.
Pioneering studies aiming to explain research utilization focused on so-called engineering explanations, i.e. the technical merits (or instrumental value) of the knowledge as the key for utilization [ 47, 48, 54- 56].
One possible explanation for this finding could be that the majority of offenders experienced instrumental aggression, rather than expressive aggression, which was not measured on the Pervasive Anger Scale.
