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Direct orthogonal signal correction (DOSC) is applied to correct for major variance sources such as temperature effects, time influences and instrumental differences in near infrared (NIR) data.
Instrumental differences are mostly taken care of as the lidar systems at both locations are very much similar in terms of laser power, aperture of the telescope, and other peripherals (given in Table 1).
However, this comparison is strongly biased in favor of [68Ga]HBED-CC PSMA PET/CT due to the inherent instrumental differences between PET and SPECT with respect to sensitivity and resolution.
The relative measurements were performed using two of the three available gravimeters (denoted S/N 581, 705, and 876) during each campaign with a view to eliminating instrumental differences.
To account for instrumental differences between measurements the background value (detected at 250 nm, where no peptide signal is present) was subtracted.
This removes characteristic instrumental differences and standardizes the comparison with model data.
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The instrumental difference between the AA and the ABG analyzers is the turnaround time to get the results.
We then discuss in detail a number of econometric techniques aimed at addressing endogeneity problems, including instrumental variables, difference-in-differences estimators, regression discontinuity design, matching methods, panel data methods, and higher order moments estimators.
The search strategy, which was adapted for each database, combined and interacted the terms "cost*", "effect*", "benefit*", "cost-effective*" and "cost-benefit*", with "matching", "stratification", "regression*", "propensity score*", "instrumental variable*", "difference in difference*", "control function" and "discontinuity".
Instrumental colour differences between sausages were mainly due to species.
A higher proportion of male lower string players and female woodwind players were the main gender-specific instrumental group difference seen in musicians attending the triage service.
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