In brief, the zero offset of the instrument was measured and the unit was soaked in 0.9% NaCl before implantation.
The force needed to pierce the tendon with each instrument was measured using a custom setup.
The appropriateness of the instrument was measured through a pre-testing exercise, and the constraining factors were rectified.
The internal consistency of this instrument was measured using the Cronbach Alpha co-efficient; the alpha coefficient of this scale was 0.72.
The internal consistency reliability of the instrument was measured by Cronbach's α, and the convergent and divergent validity of items were assessed by item-domain correlation coefficients.
For many years, applanation tonometry was considered to set a standard against which other instruments were measured.
MAVEN's Suprathermal and Thermal Ion Composition (STATIC) instrument is measuring the composition and energy of ions as the spacecraft passes through various layers of Mars' upper atmosphere.
This instrument is measuring the interplanetary Lyman α background due to solar photons backscattered by hydrogen atoms in the interplanetary medium.
Validity has to do with whether the instrument is measuring what it is intended to measure.
The instrument is measuring the same theoretical construct within each culture.
