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The underlying structures and internal consistency of the instrument were explored using a large data set of 602 responses.
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The "distribution-based methods" derive from measures of the score distribution of the instrument being explored [ 32].
Anchor-based methods require an independent measure that is valid, that can be interpreted in itself, and that correlates, at least moderately, with the instrument being explored [ 33].
Thus anchor-based approaches require an independent standard or anchor that is itself interpretable and at least moderately correlated with the instrument being explored.
Correlations between changes across various PRO instruments were explored.
In the absence of a 'hard outcome' parameter that can be predicted in AS, such as mortality in cardiovascular disease, the ability and robustness of the predictor model to predict the results of a variety of AS outcome instruments were explored.
And in The Truncheon and the Speculum in Liverpool, the Contagious Diseases Act of 1860, which required policemen to carry and use both of those instruments, was explored, extending into our own time and the humiliating examinations female prisoners can be subject to.
Several aspects of the instrument and cover letter were explored, including the layout, format, attractivity, ordering of questions, respondent burden, and understanding of each question (appropriateness of vocabulary, background knowledge and of response categories).
Alternatives for bother were explored for future PRO instrument development.
Following the analysis of bother when translated, acceptable alternatives were explored for use in PRO instruments.
Plausible interactions were explored.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com