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This instrument was initially designed by [ Kramer and Hafner in 1989 31] and since its initial version, has been refined successively.
The infrared instrument was initially cooled by a drum of solid nitrogen ice, but an accidental heat leak consumed the coolant.
The PEACE instrument was initially evaluated in terms of several core underlying psychometric assumptions.
This instrument was initially based on the 51 item Patient Satisfaction Questionnaire developed by Ware et al (quoted in Wilkin et al, 1992).
The French version of the instrument was initially forward translated from Italian and then back-translated to ensure reliability of the statements.
The survey instrument was initially designed to capture anticipatory adaptation as well by asking respondents if they adapted their home to climate change.
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Internal consistency and test-retest reliability of the instrument were initially described in 87 patients with a physician's diagnosis of rhinitis or rhinosinusitis [ 5].
The scoring of the two instruments was initially standardized in two steps by five evaluators.
Evidence for the validity of these instruments was initially obtained based on analysis of responses from a general population sample and from clinical samples, including a subset with osteoarthritis [ 7].
Unfortunately, selecting an instrument for use in a shoulder trauma population is often problematic because most shoulder instruments were initially designed for use with chronic shoulder pathology patients.
The instruments were initially used by American energy companies to hedge against the effect that unseasonal temperatures could have on gas sales.
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