Diamond sensors make the instruments radiation-hard and solar-blind: their high bandgap energy makes them insensitive to visible light and, therefore, make dispensable visible light blocking filters, which seriously attenuate the desired ultraviolet signal.
The TRACER instrument (Transition Radiation Array for Cosmic Energetic Radiation) is designed to measure the individual energy spectra of cosmic ray nuclei in long duration balloon flights.
The instrument measured radiation from only five solar storms, all modest.
At the time of study, all patients with UCTD underwent bone densitometry using a Lunar-DPX-L DEXA instrument (Lunar Radiation Corporation, Madison, WI, USA).
Irritation can be caused by trauma incurred during abortions or delivery, by medical instruments, cauterization, radiation therapy, or intrauterine contraceptive devices.
Several of these instruments detect radiation in the vacuum-ultraviolet (VUV) wavelength range (shortwards of 200 nm), where precise and accurate radiometric measurements are of extreme significance for solar and terrestrial investigations, but, at the same time, are very difficult to obtain due to degradation effects of most optical systems under solar ultraviolet irradiation.
As for particle monitoring, it has to be noted that radioactivity may strongly influence the instrument response, as radiation pulses may be erroneously "counted" by the particle monitoring system, and thus particle contamination may be overestimated.
The only serious problem, engineers said, is that the instrument for detecting radiation on and around Mars stopped communicating and had to be turned off last August.
Bolometer, instrument for measuring radiation by means of the rise in temperature of a blackened metal strip in one of the arms of a resistance bridge.
An intraoperative gamma detector is a small handheld instrument for gamma radiation measurements [16].
