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Knowledge of the intensity of these incident electrons and the subsequent instrument output provides an on-ground calibrated geometric factor.
The sensitivity of measurement is a measure of the change in instrument output that occurs when the quantity being measured changes by a given amount.
Thus at a phase transition, the sample is driven out of thermal and thermodynamic equilibrium, and the instrument output is a mixture of the sample properties and the instrument characteristics.
Instruments are divided into active or passive ones according to whether the instrument output is entirely produced by the quantity being measured, or whether the quantity being measured simply modulates the magnitude of some external power source.
However, the absence of acceleration responses where only very limited instrument output was produced must be regarded as a limitation in the present study.
Raw Illumina data were trimmed and filtered before assembly, but in the case of the 454 and PacBio assemblers raw instrument output files were used.
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The instrument outputs were calibrated with D−10-camphorsulfonic acid.
Subsequently, individual calibration factors were derived for all units as instrument outputs were checked and compared.
The Roche 454 instrument outputs sequences in Standard Flowgram Format (SFF) files that come with quality and clipping information.
The mean of the frequencies derived in the ten different units at the different amplitudes, where the desired instrument outputs were produced, were used as the "gold standard" frequencies for the whole population of instruments.
This paper evaluates two sets of policy instruments: output support, which increases farm revenue from specific crops, and input support which subsidizes particular farm inputs.
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CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com