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This may compromise clinical judgment, especially when the decision to remove broken instrument is concerned.
Where translation of an instrument is concerned, the first form of evidence relates to content.
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The items of the VEINES instrument are concerned with 'the last 4 weeks' and mean symptom duration among study participants was only 6 7 days and, as indicated by the relatively better scores, the VEINES-QOL/Sym baseline results are likely to reflect a longer period including time before symptom onset.
In that sense language and culture are not one and the same where validation of instruments is concerned.
The static characteristics of measuring instruments are concerned only with the steady-state reading that the instrument settles down to, such as the accuracy of the reading etc.
In other areas of labour economics repeated measures are often used as instruments when one is concerned about measurement error; for instance in the returns to education literature one may have access to the primary respondent's self-reported education, as well as a sibling's report on the respondent's education.
Currently, much of the research is concerned with the instruments of governance, often assuming linear relationships between a new policy, its implementation and the effects in practice.
Construct validity is concerned with the extent to which an instrument relates to other variables consistent with theoretically derived hypotheses concerning the constructs that are being measured.
This paper is concerned with the design of interactive virtual musical instruments.
Reliability is concerned with reproducibility and internal consistency, while validity concerns an instruments ability to measure what is intended [ 9].
Many instruments have been concerned with beliefs about evolution as opposed to knowledge of evolution (Brem et al. 2003), or have used qualitative methods that are too time consuming for regular classroom use (Demastes et al. 1995; Demastes et al. 1996; Ferrari and Chi 1998; Samarapungavan and Wiers 1997; Settlage 1994).
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com