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Good examples of this approach are the established position of the Objective Structured Clinical Examination as the preferred instrument for skill measurement (Van der Vleuten and Swanson 1990) and key feature as approach of choice for problem solving skills (Page et al. 1995; Schuwirth 1998).
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The individual minimum school-leaving age was used as an instrument for skills.
Similarly, family background potentially provides another instrument for skills that influences skill development but is predetermined with respect to labor-market experience.
In line with this reasoning, school attainment could in fact serve as an instrument for skills, having been determined before entering the labor market.
Second, we were unable to find a validated rating instrument for CRM skill performance that was developed specifically for use in pediatrics.
In the PIAAC setting with multiple tests, we can use literacy skills as an instrument for numeracy skills.
Table 3, replicated from Hanushek et al. (2015), shows returns-to-skills estimations using U.S. compulsory schooling laws as an instrument for numeracy skills.
In this analysis, being above or below the 4200-m threshold is used as an instrument for ICT skills in an earnings equation similar to Eq. (3).
The MAAS-Global is an assessment instrument for communication skills which can be compared to the Calgary-Cambridge Guides [ 15].
This research was conducted to adduce evidence for content and context specificity of communication skills and to assess the usefulness of a generic instrument for assessing communication skills in International Medical Graduates (IMGs).
In rows (4) and (5) of Table 1, we use years of schooling and parental education, respectively, as instruments for numeracy skills in predicting wages.
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