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1961 Dr. Brenner and Dr. Crick determine how DNA instructs cells to make specific proteins.
Dr. Brenner, who has a trenchant wit and enjoys stirring up the scientific world, had earlier worked on basic principles of how DNA instructs cells to make proteins.
Soon afterward, Dr. Ruddle's lab succeeded in implanting mice with a human gene, one that instructs cells to produce the protein interferon.
He knew, however, that identifying the oncogenes was only the start, and his unique contribution lay in the subsequent decades of painstaking work to reveal how RAS instructs cells to divide and move, and how the cancer-associated mutations lead to an inability to control these activities.
In her experiment, Wang starved cultured rat muscle cells in order to trigger apoptosis, a genetic program that instructs cells to self-destruct.
His research career, peppered with landmark discoveries that go all the way from uncovering the basic principles of how DNA instructs cells to make proteins to unraveling the genetic blueprint of the puffer fish, is an indelible part of the history of molecular biology.
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Atoh1 acts as a master gene that instructs cell fate commitment in secretory lineages and acts as a brake on oncogenic process throughout the whole intestinal tract.
In contrast to its role in the SAM, auxin is the key hormone in defining the position of the root stem cell niche, whereas cytokinin instructs cell differentiation (Ioio et al., 2008; Sabatini et al., 1999).
Soluble signaling molecules are used to instruct cells to proliferate, differentiate, and generate cartilage matrix during cartilage tissue reconstruction.
"The result suggests that there's something quite powerful in the mature adult blood system that can instruct cells from a different origin what to do," says Arturo alvarez-Buylla, a neurobiologist at The Rockefeller University in New York City.
The use of these nanomaterials is useful, since they can penetrate deeper into the protective layer of skin, delivering drugs or active agents and nutrients, such as non-synthetic peptide that instruct cells to regenerate, as some of these nanoparticles have antioxidant properties (Xiao et al. 2005).
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