While we triangulated information from students and their instructors, the interview data still possess the risk of having been potentially biased by selective memory, perceptions of positive outcomes in the classroom as a result of instructors' own actions, or exaggeration in their use of the strategies.
We also note that if we had data on many classrooms taught at different times by different instructors, we would also consider controlling for indicators such as time-of-day and class instructor, if the data suggested these indicators were relevant to the outcome being measured.
For instance, in meetings of the health technology program, the health service program, and the human service program we observed instructors sharing information about student performance on professional association tests and in field placements and active discussion amongst instructors of what the data meant for teaching and curriculum in the program.
Although the Weighted Bloom's Index and PES will become more informative if and when values are reported for other courses, instructors, and institutions, the data indicate that an average Biology 180 exam question in this study is at the application level of Bloom's taxonomy (Table 3b).
Both instructors also suggested that the data from ARS questions was useful for Formative Assessment to "see what they're [i.e., the students are] thinking and where the misconception might be" (biology instructor).
They also provided the instructors to help collect the data.
The overall objective of both the workshops was to introduce iSAT as a tool for analyzing the data that instructors deal with in their classroom activities.
The data from these instructors are included on Figures 1 5 as possible targets for instructors who desire to achieve gains in student achievement.
Again, additional themes emerged from the data, including fostering instructors' connections with the field, and leveraging institutional support for instructor learning.
The course instructor (JS) monitored and summarized the data for presentation and discussion in both the lecture section and the lab sections of the course.
