Chi-square analyses found that the instructor's teaching discourse remained fairly consistent during project-based and non-project learning.
Briefly, instructors can highlight typical discourse patterns (e.g., providing excuses to turn down a request/invitation) and note their role in assisting understanding implied meaning.
First, the instructors were modeling the kinds of discourse and reasoning that they expected the students to emulate; they were modeling how to argue and disagree in a scientifically appropriate way.
Moreover, the six-question instrument developed by Cleveland-Innes and Campbell (2012) measures emotional responses in online discourse with other students, the instructor, technology and the course.
Modeling discourse management shapes in-class discourse by providing instructors with a set of discourse management tools to guide students so that authentic science discourse occurs.
All these happened during the 1-mo group study while the students constructed their knowledge through comprehensive independent learning and maintained a continuous discourse in the team and with the TA and the instructor.
Iowa born, educated at Shimer College, University of Iowa, and Stanford, longtime resident of Leonia, NJ, and retired speech instructor at Baruch College and Yeshiva University, Becky shared her love of music, opera, art, books, political discourse, fashion and fabulous shoes with all who knew her.
In an extension of this research, James et al. (2008) conducted a study examining student discourse in three introductory astronomy classes taught by two different instructors over two semesters.
More specifically, by analyzing existing e-zines, submitting articles to those e-zines, and collaboratively assisting the writing instructor in creating a course e-zine, students gained much ground in becoming aware of how discourse communities function and in considering the impact of an audience's interests and expectations on their writing.
It developed a biological discourse, which is more typical to advanced stages of learning biology, and changed the image of instructors from "knowledge transmitters" to "role model scientists".
