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Current advances in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine have inspired the fabrication of in vitro material systems that can mimic biologically instructive properties of the ECM.
This concept is very appealing for tissue engineering since instructive properties in bioactive materials can be more economical and time efficient than traditional strategies of cell pre-differentiation in vitro prior to implantation.
Importantly, the instructive properties of the stroma did not extend to cytodifferentiation: in a pregnant host animal, salivary-like mammary transplants synthesized the milk protein α-lactal-bumin.
The Pthlh/Pthr regulated genes identified by [ 50] found in our E12.5 networks are, therefore, likely to reflect some key elements that confer or maintain instructive properties to the mammary mesenchyme.
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A very instructive illustration for emergent properties that goes beyond the most intuitive level is the cellular automata.
Indeed, biophysical constraints participate in shaping the morphogenetic field, a construct that encapsulates key properties of instructive growth and patterning control [ 3].
So, while we agree that it is instructive to compare analogous properties of the two techniques, direct comparison is not meaningful since they are designed for completely different experimental needs.
The natural extracellular matrix (ECM), with its multitude of evolved cell-instructive and cell-responsive properties, provides inspiration and guidelines for the design of engineered biomaterials.
We have chosen to highlight recent examples that either (i) demonstrate exemplary use as matrices with cell-instructive and cell-responsive properties or (ii) demonstrate outstanding creativity in terms of novel molecular-level design and macro-level functionality.
The results will provide an instructive route to optimizing the properties of scheelite-structured molybdate thin films.
To isolate how temperature and humidity influence CRE, it is instructive to hold cloud physical properties constant, either by subsetting observations that represent samples of optically thick clouds, or by performing radiative transfer calculations for clouds with fixed optical depth.
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