In Figure 2D,E, and all subsequent graphs, time zero on the x-axis indicates the time of the instructive change in target direction.
Monkeys were required to keep their eyes within a reward window that was +1° during fixation, +2° during smooth target motion, and +4 or 5° for 400 ms after an instructive change in target direction.
(B, C, E and F ) Each graph plots the average simple-spike firing rate for trios of trials with different blends of the presence or absence of CS responses to an instructive change in the direction of target motion.
To avoid punishing the monkey for his inescapable response latencies in learning trials, fixation requirements were suspended for the 250 ms between the onset of target motion and the time of the instructive change in target motion.
The initial target motion was orthogonal to the best direction for the simple-spike firing of the Purkinje cell under study, for example downward in Figure 2. The instructive change in target direction was in either the on-direction or the off-direction for the simple-spikes of the Purkinje cell, that is leftward or rightward in Figure 2.
The changing auxin concentrations are then instructive to change the cellular behaviour from MZ-like to EZ-like, and possibly, to DZ-like, while maintaining the stem cell niche.
However, the instructive process may change from country to country.
The world's changing currency landscape To put my reflections into perspective, it is instructive to consider recent changes in the world's currency landscape.
To put my reflections into perspective, it is instructive to consider recent changes in the world's currency landscape.
As in left-right patterning (Fukumoto et al., 2005b; Levin et al., 2006), serotonin acts in this system as a small-molecule messenger mediating cell-cell instructive signaling downstream of changes in transmembrane potential.
