Both kind of hints are based on the locality of the instruction, measured by the reuse distance metric.
"Contemporary evolution instruction" measured PD needs related to practices which move beyond basic pedagogy, including discussion of current evolution research, use of simulations to teach evolution, and investigations using real data and/or live organisms.
"Standards-based evolution instruction" measured teachers' need to link instruction to state and national standards, including the Frameworks for K-12 Science Education and the Next Generation Science Standards, (Schweingruber, et al. [2012]; NGSS Lead States, [2013]) and Missouri's Course-Level Expectations (Missouri Department of Elementary and Secondary Education, [2008]).
The average values for "critical thinking," "task value," and "peer instruction" measured after 5 mo (MSLQ-V) were similar to the values of the MSLQs that obtained before flipped-class pedagogy was introduced.
The criterion-referenced test, which was applied in the present study, aims to measure the level of achievement of respondents against given goals or standards, thus an item with non-discrimination against a higher difficulty index is considered a better achievement of instruction measured by the item [ 18].
We explicitly deemphasized reaction time in the instructions and measured performance by the percent correct trials (and their derivate false positives and hits), from the total of 96 trials comprising each task.
Cell apoptosis was analyzed using the Annexin V-FITC/PI Apoptosis Kit (Biosea, Beijing, China) according to the instructions and measured by flow cytometry.
Assays were performed according to manufacturer's instructions, and measured in Tecan GENios pro microplate spectrofluorometer (Tecan Group, Männedorf, Switzerland) with the Magellan V5.03 system (Tecan Group).
For apoptosis detection after 48 h treatment, cells were stained with AnnexinV-APC/7-AAD (BD Pharmingen, Uppsala, Sweden) according to the manufacturer's instructions and measured by flow cytometry.
After 6 days incubation at 37°C and 95% humidity in 5% CO2 atmosphere, intracellular ATP was extracted using the CellTiter-GIo Luminescent Kit (Promega, USA) according to the manufacturer's instructions and measured by microplate luminometer (Berthod Diagnostic system, Germany).
