However, as action exchanges often also have an instructional function, Martin et al. ([2007]) propose a 'double coding' of such exchanges as both action and knowledge.
One recent explanation argues that students' enjoyment of learning activities is at least partly influenced by teachers' enjoyment of their professional practice, and that teachers' instructional behaviours function as mediators (Frenzel 2014; Kunter and Holzberger 2014).
For transfer, an interaction between instructional format and executive functions was found: Whereas students with higher levels of executive functions had better transfer with the exploratory condition, students with lower levels of executive functions had better transfer with the guided simulations.
Analogies played a key role in the instructional module to make explicit function and structure of certain chaotic systems.
The effectiveness and efficiency of individual versus collaborative learning was investigated as a function of instructional format among 140 high school students in the domain of biology.
The first function of instructional explanations is promoting students' scientific understanding, which has already been a challenge to some teachers.
That these resources were integrated, organised the theory, highlighted what was important, provided summaries, supplemented the textbook with explanations and illustrated through relevant examples are the result of Teaching Presence, in the instructional design and organisation function.
Proper measurement of cognitive load can help us understand why the effectiveness and efficiency of learning environments may differ as a function of instructional formats and learner characteristics.
